【Joe’s華爾街脈動】專題：進入美國市場的代價：解析新貿易框架

川普政府所推動的全球貿易世代性重組，為台灣市場的投資者帶來了結構性風險與非對稱性機會。

Joe 盧, CFA | 2025年8月3日 美東時間

摘要

• 暫定的20%美國關稅是談判的起點。最終稅率與具體的豁免項目，將決定台灣出口經濟中各產業的獲利能力。
• 半導體豁免談判的結果是更廣泛協議的關鍵指標，並將直接影響佔台灣對美出口35%的該產業。
• 一項擬議的3000-4000億美元投資基金將需要大量的資本配置，為台灣國內的金融和服務業創造機會。
• 供應鏈的結構性轉移正在發生，這有利於在東南亞等具關稅優勢地區的製造業，而非傳統在台灣的組裝。
• 此項美國政策代表了對歷史上交易式運用關稅的回歸，逆轉了75年來的戰後貿易共識。

當前關稅衝擊分析

台灣目前面臨暫定的20%基準關稅，此稅率高於對日本和韓國所加徵的稅率。此一差距立即造成了競爭劣勢。

圖表一：美國對亞洲主要出口國關稅稅率 (2025年)

資料來源: 路透社(Reuters)

根據2024年的出口數據，此關稅的經濟影響是可量化的。20%的關稅對受影響的420億美元輸美出口，造成了約84億美元的年度成本。正在進行的半導體產業談判結果，是這些協商中最重要的單一變數，因為僅該產業就佔了台灣對美國總出口高達35%的比重。

圖表二：貿易關係組成
資料來源: 美國工業與安全局(U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security)

此關稅壓力直接轉化為對企業獲利能力的衝擊。對於平均EBITDA利潤率在8-12%區間的製造業公司而言，假設這些公司無法將全部成本轉嫁給消費者，關稅預計將導致2-3%的利潤壓縮。

對投資者而言，關鍵的時間點標記包括2025年第四季的半導體豁免決定，以及可能在2026年第一季達成的全面貿易協定。

投資基金的立法現實

擬議的3000-4000億美元投資基金是談判的核心組成部分。此數字約當於台灣GDP的40-50%。該基金可能將分10年期進行建構，每年需要300-400億美元的注資，資金來源將包括政府公債、企業合作夥伴關係以及主權財富基金的撥款。

圖表三：擬議投資基金規模與台灣經濟之比較
資料來源: 安全政策中心(Center for Security Policy), 台灣財政部國庫署

由於當前的政治權力平衡，為必要的財政擴張爭取立法批准面臨著重大的障礙。這帶來了執行風險和潛在的延誤，從而延長了市場的不確定時期。來自商界要求解決方案的壓力，將是迫使各方達成妥協的關鍵因素。

特定產業的重新佈局

此波產業重新佈局創造了一批明顯的贏家和輸家。

潛在受益者:

• 國內服務業: 銀行、零售和醫療保健業，可望從管理大型投資基金相關的財政活動與資本流動中受益。
• 東南亞製造業: 在越南和泰國等具關稅優勢地區擁有成熟營運的台灣公司，將獲得明確的競爭優勢。
• 科技研發: 美國對供應鏈安全的日益重視，可能會將投資流引向夥伴國家的AI和先進半導體研究。

面臨壓力的產業:

• 傳統電子組裝業: 由於定價能力有限，此領域的公司面臨15-20%的利潤壓縮。
• 紡織和製鞋業: 這些產業面臨著相較於非關稅地區競爭對手，可能喪失大量美國市場競爭力的風險。
• 石化業: 該產業面臨關稅和持續的全球能源轉型的雙重衝擊。

回歸交易式經濟學

當前的美國關稅策略是一種工具，旨在達成一個特定的經濟目標：重新校準全球貿易，以利於美國的產業和安全利益。這代表了對戰後美國貿易政策的重大逆轉，回歸到一種既是歷史性的、也是明確交易式的模式。其目標是利用關稅作為槓桿，迫使對方進行雙邊談判並換取讓步，例如投資基金和供應鏈的重新安置。

圖表四：美國歷史平均關稅稅率 (1890年至今)
資料來源: Econodata, 卡托研究所(Cato Institute)

這種方法在美國歷史中根深蒂固。

• 立國工具: 從1789年的《關稅法》開始，美國就利用關稅來保護其產業和資助政府。在19世紀的大部分時間裡，高關稅是其經濟發展的核心。
• 史姆特-霍利(Smoot-Hawley)的先例: 1930年的《關稅法》常被引為一個警世寓言。經濟分析表明，這是應對嚴重貨幣危機的政策反應。歐洲的債務違約導致美元急劇升值，重創了美國的貿易。關稅是一種有缺陷的嘗試，旨在保護國內產業免受這些貨幣衝擊。
• 戰後共識: 第二次世界大戰後，美國的政策發生了轉變。在布列敦森林(Bretton Woods)體系下，美國接受貿易逆差，向歐洲和日本的盟友開放市場。這是一項戰略決策，旨在建立對抗蘇聯的集團，並鞏固美元作為全球儲備貨幣的地位。這一共識一直持續到全球化時代，而全球化也加速了美國的去工業化。

現任美國政府認為，戰後的共識是一項不再對美國有利的交易。它正在回歸歷史上將關稅作為直接工具的做法，以糾正其認定的貿易失衡並實現經濟安全。這解釋了與台灣及其他國家談判的交易式本質。

結構性轉變中的不對稱機會

這段談判期正在創造一個世代性的重組，其投資意涵清晰可見。成熟的投資者應看穿當前的談判姿態，洞察最終的妥協方案，歷史先例顯示此方案終將實現。關鍵在於，將投資組合進行佈局，以利用那些已經在發生中的結構性變化。

▶立即付費訂閱華爾街脈動，解鎖深度見解（點此前往）！

▶加入LINE好友了解付費方案！

👍若您覺得這份研究有價值，請對本文按讚。

📲加入並追蹤鉅亨號，與我們互動，即可獲取更多趨勢指標和市場資訊。

📰追蹤此部落格。

💬LINE好友。

➡️將此分析分享給您的親朋好友，一同獲取最新投資觀點。

本電子報僅供參考，不構成任何證券或資產類別的投資建議或買賣推薦。文中所表達的觀點為作者截至發布日期的觀點，如有變動，恕不另行通知。所呈現的資訊乃基於從相信可靠的來源所獲取的數據，但其準確性、完整性和及時性不作保證。過往表現並非未來結果的指標。投資涉及風險，包括可能損失本金。讀者在做出任何投資決策前，應諮詢其財務顧問。作者及相關實體可能持有本文所討論的資產或資產類別的部位。

The Price of Access: Navigating the New U.S. Trade Framework

A generational realignment of global trade by the Trump administration presents both structural risks and asymmetric opportunities for investors in Taiwanese markets.

By Joe 盧, CFA | 08/03/2025

Executive Summary

• The provisional 20% U.S. tariff is a starting point for negotiations. The final rate and specific exemptions will determine sector-level profitability across Taiwan's export economy.
• The outcome of semiconductor exemption talks is a key indicator for the broader agreement and will directly impact the 35% of Taiwan's U.S. exports that the sector represents.
• A proposed $300-400 billion investment fund will require significant capital allocation, creating opportunities in Taiwan's domestic financial and service sectors.
• A structural shift in supply chains is underway. This favors manufacturing in tariff-advantaged zones like Southeast Asia over traditional assembly in Taiwan.
• This U.S. policy represents a return to a historical, transactional use of tariffs, reversing 75 years of post-war trade consensus.

Current Tariff Impact Analysis

Taiwan faces a provisional 20% baseline tariff, a rate higher than that imposed on Japan and South Korea. This discrepancy creates an immediate competitive disadvantage.

Exhibit 1: U.S. Tariff Rates on Key Asian Exporters (2025)

Source: Reuters

Based on 2024 export data, the economic implications of the tariff are quantifiable. A 20% tariff imposes an approximate $8.4 billion annual cost on the $42 billion of impacted U.S.-bound exports. The outcome of ongoing negotiations for the semiconductor sector is the single most important variable in these talks, as this sector alone represents a substantial 35% of total exports from Taiwan to the United States.

Exhibit 2: Composition of the Trade Relationship
Source: U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security

This tariff pressure translates directly to corporate profitability. For manufacturing companies with average EBITDA margins in the 8-12% range, the tariffs are estimated to cause a 2-3% margin compression, assuming these firms are unable to pass the full cost on to consumers.

Key timeline markers for investors include the Q4 2025 semiconductor exemption decision and a potential comprehensive trade agreement in Q1 2026.

Legislative Realities of the Investment Fund

The proposed $300-400 billion investment fund is a central component of negotiations. This figure represents 40-50% of Taiwan's GDP. The fund will likely be structured over a 10-year period, requiring $30-40 billion in annual contributions sourced from government bonds, corporate partnerships, and sovereign wealth allocations.

Exhibit 3: Scale of the Proposed Investment Fund vs. Taiwan's Economy
Source: Center for Security Policy, National Treasury Administration of Taiwan

Legislative approval for the necessary fiscal expansion faces significant hurdles due to the current political balance. This creates implementation risk and potential delays, extending the period of market uncertainty. Business community pressure for a resolution will be a key factor in forcing a compromise.

Sector-Specific Realignments

This industrial realignment creates a distinct set of winners and losers.

Potential Beneficiaries:

• Domestic Service Sectors: Banking, retail, and healthcare stand to benefit from the fiscal activity and capital flows associated with managing a large investment fund.
• Southeast Asia Manufacturing: Taiwanese companies with established operations in tariff-advantaged zones like Vietnam and Thailand gain a clear competitive edge.
• Technology R&D: Increased U.S. focus on supply chain security will likely direct investment flows toward AI and advanced semiconductor research in partner nations.

Sectors Facing Pressure:

• Traditional Electronics Assembly: Companies in this space face 15-20% margin compression due to limited pricing power.
• Textile and Footwear: These industries risk a significant loss of U.S. market competitiveness against rivals from non-tariff regions.
• Petrochemicals: This sector faces the dual impact of tariffs and the ongoing global energy transition.

A Return to Transactional Economics

The current U.S. tariff strategy is a tool to achieve a specific economic objective: re-aligning global trade to favor American industrial and security interests. This represents a significant reversal of post-war U.S. trade policy, returning to a model that is both historical and explicitly transactional. The goal is to use tariffs as leverage to force bilateral negotiations and extract concessions, such as investment funds and supply chain relocations.

Exhibit 4: Historical Average U.S. Tariff Rates (1890-Present)

Source: Econodata, Cato Institute

This approach has deep roots in U.S. history.

• Foundational Tool: From the Tariff Act of 1789, the U.S. used tariffs to protect its industries and fund the government. For most of the 19th century, high tariffs were central to its economic development.
• The Smoot-Hawley Precedent: The Tariff Act of 1930 is often cited as a cautionary tale. An economic analysis suggests it was a policy response to a severe currency crisis. European debt defaults caused the U.S. dollar to appreciate dramatically, devastating U.S. trade. The tariffs were a flawed attempt to shield domestic industry from these monetary shocks.
• The Post-War Consensus: After WWII, U.S. policy shifted. Under the Bretton Woods system, the U.S. accepted trade deficits, opening its market to allies in Europe and Japan. This was a strategic decision to build a bloc against the Soviet Union and cement the U.S. dollar’s role as the global reserve currency. This consensus continued through the era of globalization, which accelerated U.S. de-industrialization.

The current administration views the post-war consensus as a transaction that no longer benefits the U.S. It is reverting to the historical use of tariffs as a direct instrument to correct perceived trade imbalances and achieve economic security. This explains the transactional nature of the negotiations with Taiwan and other nations.

Asymmetric Opportunities in a Structural Shift

The period of negotiation is creating a generational realignment with clear investment implications. Sophisticated investors should look past the current negotiating posture to the eventual compromise, which historical precedent suggests will materialize. The key is positioning a portfolio to capitalize on the structural changes that are already in motion.

▶ Subscribe now to unlock in-depth insights (click here)!
▶ Add LINE friends to learn about subscription plans!

👍'Like' this article if you found this research valuable.

📲 Join our private channels to get more trend indicators and market information delivered directly to you. Choose your preferred channel to stay informed.

📰Follow this blog.

💬Connect with us on LINE.

➡️Share this analysis to someone in your network who appreciates a data-driven perspective.

This newsletter is provided for informational purposes only and does not constitute investment advice or a recommendation to buy or sell any security or asset class. The views expressed are those of the author as of the date of publication and are subject to change without notice. Information presented is based on data obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but its accuracy, completeness, and timeliness are not guaranteed. Past performance is not indicative of future results. Investing involves risks, including the possible loss of principal. Readers should consult with their own financial advisors before making any investment decisions. The author and associated entities may hold positions in the assets or asset classes discussed herein.

立即加入《Joe’s 華爾街脈動》LINE@官方帳號，獲得最新專欄資訊（點此加入）

關於《Joe’s 華爾街脈動》

鉅亨網特別邀請到擁有逾 22 年美國投資圈資歷、CFA 認證的機構操盤人 Joseph Lu 擔任專欄主筆。
Joe 為台裔美國人，曾管理超過百億美元規模的基金資產，並為總資產高達數千億美元的多家頂級金融機構提供資產配置優化建議。
Joe 目前帶領著由美國頂尖大學教授與博士組成的精英團隊，透過獨家開發的 "趨勢脈動 TrendFolios® 指標"，為台灣投資人深度解析全球市場脈動，提供美股市場第一手專業觀點，協助投資人掌握先機。