十多年前,在風險投資家和收購大亨們開始大舉注資之前,上市對於雄心勃勃的企業來說是顯而易見的選擇。股票上市既能為初創企業提供資金(得益於雄厚的資本池),又能帶來聲望(源於願意接受數百萬投資者的審視)。
即使不涉足股市,企業估值也可能超過1000億美元:Lidl憑藉廉價食品做到了這一點,Mars憑藉糖果做到了,Cargill銷售Mars巧克力棒的原料做到了,海灣地區和中國的自然資源公司開採一些不太容易消化的商品,Vitol和Trafigura則交易這些商品。但如果你追求的是爆炸式增長,真正的火箭燃料卻來自公開市場。
或許情況依然如此。最近有報導稱,埃隆·馬斯克創立的火箭和衛星公司SpaceX正在與投資銀行家洽談,計畫最早於明年進行首次公開募股,估值可能高達1.5兆美元。本月初,人工智慧領域的寵兒Anthropic公司也被傳正在考慮上市,該公司在最近一輪融資中估值約為1800億美元。SpaceX或許想搶在OpenAI之前上市,後者是人工智慧熱潮的代名詞,估值高達5000億美元,據傳OpenAI也越來越傾向於IPO。
這些交易中的任何一筆都可能成為自2014年中國電商巨頭阿里巴巴在紐約證券交易所發行250億美元股票以來美國最大的一筆交易。也可能成為自2019年世界石油巨頭沙烏地阿拉伯阿美在利雅德以近2兆美元的估值籌集近300億美元以來全球最大的一筆交易。
這三家公司突然對公開市場表現出濃厚的興趣,似乎有些反常。它們此前都未曾為吸引私人投資者而苦惱,迄今為止已累計獲得近1200億美元的融資。Anthropic將於明年1月迎來五周年慶,就連成立十年的OpenAI,按照如今的首次上市標準來看也顯得年輕;如今典型的美國公司上市時已是16歲,比十年前晚了四年。而SpaceX已經23年未上市,如今看來則顯得老態龍鍾。當然,上市對它們來說也意味著諸多棘手的難題。
這三家公司尋求公開募股顯而易見的原因是為了獲得更多資金。SpaceX正在研發星艦(Starship),這是一種可重複使用的飛船,能夠將高達150噸的有效載荷送入軌道,大約是目前任何在役火箭(包括SpaceX自己的獵鷹重型火箭)有效載荷的兩倍。OpenAI表示,計畫在未來幾年投資約1.4兆美元用於計算能力建設。如果規模較小、成立時間較短的Anthropic想要跟上步伐,也必須在資料中心方面投入巨資。
儘管這三家公司的資金需求不斷增長,但私募市場可能已經停止擴張。2012年至2021年間,全球私募資產管理規模曾以每年10%的複合增長率增長,但此後已穩定在略高於20兆美元的水平。有限合夥人要求風險投資基金和私募股權基金在申請新資金之前,先撥付一部分收益。
此外,隨著未上市巨頭們一輪又一輪的融資規模不斷膨脹——OpenAI最近一輪融資高達400億美元,超過了以往任何一次IPO——通常情況下,這些未上市巨頭的投資者數量(按公開市場標準來看,他們只是少數)的投入也隨之激增。在某種程度上,這種風險集中度可能會讓除最無畏或最魯莽的冒險資本家之外的所有人都難以接受。相比之下,全球公開股票市場的總市值約為130兆美元,規模遠大於未上市巨頭,其投資者群體也遠沒有那麼集中。
然而,從整體智慧來看,未上市公司投資者也更具洞察力。SpaceX、OpenAI 和 Anthropic 正是用這種洞察力換取了金錢。對他們來說,這種權衡取捨都絕非易事。
對SpaceX而言,主要難題在於公司治理——或者更確切地說,如果你把特斯拉視為馬斯克旗下眾多企業的上市代表,那麼問題在於其令人擔憂的公司治理缺失。在特斯拉,他曾多次與監管機構發生衝突(2018年,他因在推特上聲稱已“獲得資金”將特斯拉私有化,被監管機構分別處以2000萬美元的罰款)和法官的批評(去年,特拉華州的一位法官裁定特斯拉董事會“受制於”他,從而撤銷了他的薪酬協議)。SpaceX在12月15日的二次股票發行中估值達到8000億美元,馬斯克的財富也從4700億美元飆升至6380億美元,這似乎只會讓他更加肆無忌憚。
至少SpaceX還能賺錢。據信它正在產生現金流,並計畫在2023年首次實現盈利。相比之下,OpenAI和Anthropic的虧損之大,讓星艦發射都相形見絀。OpenAI今年的收入規模與星艦相當,但淨虧損可能高達120億美元。據報導,該公司預計在2030年實現盈利之前,還將消耗1150億美元的現金。Anthropic認為它可能會提前幾年實現收支平衡,但在此之前仍將虧損數十億美元。
OpenAI 、Anthropic 甚至 SpaceX 要想實現與阿里巴巴相媲美的淨利潤,還需要一段時間。阿里巴巴在上市前 12 個月就實現了 40 億美元的盈利,更不用說沙烏地阿拉伯阿美了,其盈利高達 1110 億美元,創下歷史新高。上一次大型科技公司上市時,也就是2019 年的IPO浪潮中,優步花了四年時間,並且實現了正現金流,股價才穩定地高於其IPO 發行價。如今,投資標普500指數或許是更好的選擇。
這三家科技巨頭或許認為,在獲得巨額利潤之前,他們別無選擇,只能上市。一旦像藍色起源這樣的競爭對手縮小了技術差距,SpaceX 的卓越之處就會消失殆盡。OpenAI和 Anthropic 目前已經面臨著激烈的競爭。它們可以選擇繼續保持私有狀態,但這樣可能會面臨資金短缺、難以維持領先地位的風險。或者,它們也可以選擇上市,但又會面臨市場對利潤缺乏耐心的風險。無論如何,它們的高估值很快將受到考驗。
歸根結底,SpaceX、OpenAI 和 Anthropic 正站在同一個十字路口:繼續保持私有化,意味著可能在資本消耗戰中逐漸落後;選擇上市,則必須承受公募市場對盈利能力和治理透明度的殘酷審視。
公募市場的巨額資金,究竟會成為點燃下一輪技術飛躍的燃料,還是因為對短期回報的執念而過早壓制這些公司改變世界的雄心?答案無法立即揭曉,只能交由市場和時間,在未來數年中慢慢給出。
附中英翻譯對照:
ore than a decade ago, before venture capitalists and buy-out barons began whipping out their chequebooks, going public was the obvious choice for ambitious businesses. A stockmarket listing offered startups both cash, courtesy of deep pools of capital, and cachet, conferred by a willingness to subject themselves to the scrutiny of millions of investors. It was possible to attain a $100bn-plus valuation while staying out of the stockmarket spotlight: Lidl may have pulled it off with cheap groceries, Mars with confectionery, Cargill peddling the sort of stuff that goes into Mars bars, Gulf and Chinese natural-resource firms extracting less digestible commodities, Vitol and Trafigura trading these. But if it was explosive growth you were after, the real rocket fuel was to be found in public markets.
十多年前,在風險投資家和收購大亨們開始揮舞支票簿之前,上市曾是雄心勃勃企業的明智之選。股票上市既能為初創企業提供源源不斷的資金,又能賦予其聲望——這種聲望源於企業願意接受數百萬投資者的審視。在避開股市聚光燈的同時,企業仍有可能獲得逾百億美元估值:利德爾憑藉平價食品實現這一目標,瑪氏依靠糖果業務達成,嘉吉公司銷售著瑪氏巧克力棒的原料,海灣及中國自然資源企業開採著更難消化的商品,維托爾和托克則從事這些商品的貿易。但若追求爆發式增長,真正的火箭燃料仍在公開市場。
Maybe it still is. Reports have recently surfaced that SpaceX, a rocketry and satellite firm founded by Elon Musk, was sounding out investment bankers about an initial public offering (IPO) as soon as next year at a valuation as high as $1.5trn. Earlier this month Anthropic, an artificial-intelligence darling valued at roughly $180bn in a recent funding round, was also said to be exploring a listing. It may want to pip OpenAI, the $500bn byword for the AI boom, which is likewise rumoured to be increasingly IPO-curious.
或許至今仍是如此。近期有報導稱,由埃隆·馬斯克創立的火箭與衛星公司 SpaceX 正與投資銀行接洽,計畫最早於明年進行首次公開募股(IPO),估值高達 1.5 兆美元。本月初,人工智慧領域備受追捧的 Anthropic 公司也被曝正籌備上市。該公司最近一輪融資估值約 1800 億美元。其此舉或許意在搶先於 OpenAI——這家以 5000 億美元估值成為人工智慧熱潮代名詞的企業同樣傳出正積極考慮 IPO 的消息。
Any of these deals could be the biggest in America since Alibaba, a Chinese e-commerce titan, sold $25bn of shares on the New York Stock Exchange in 2014. It could be the largest anywhere since Saudi Aramco, the world’s oil colossus, raised nearly $30bn in 2019 at a valuation of nearly $2trn in Riyadh.
這些交易中的任何一筆,都可能成為自 2014 年中國電商巨頭阿里巴巴在紐約證券交易所發行 250 億美元股票以來美國最大的上市交易。若沙烏地阿拉伯阿美——這家全球石油巨頭——在 2019 年於利雅德以近 2 兆美元估值籌集近 300 億美元資金的紀錄被打破,則將成為全球範圍內規模最大的上市交易。
This sudden interest in public markets seems out of character for the trio. None has struggled to entice private backers. They have so far secured a total of nearly $120bn in funding. Anthropic, which turns five in January, and even ten-year-old OpenAI look youthful by contemporary IPO standards; the typical American company now goes public at 16, four years later than a decade ago. SpaceX, which has shunned the stockmarket for 23 years, looks ancient. In each case a listing also presents thorny dilemmas.
這三人組突然對公開市場表現出興趣,似乎有違其一貫作風。他們從未為吸引私募投資者而苦惱,迄今已累計獲得近 1200 億美元融資。按當代 IPO 標準衡量,明年一月剛滿五歲的 Anthropic 乃至十歲的 OpenAI 都顯得年輕;如今美國公司平均上市年齡為 16 歲,比十年前推遲了四年。而避開股市長達 23 年的 SpaceX 則顯得格外古老。對每家公司而言,上市都伴隨著棘手的兩難困境。
The obvious reason for all three to pursue an IPO is access to ever more capital. SpaceX is developing Starship, a reusable vessel capable of lifting up to 150 tonnes into orbit, roughly double the payload of any rocket currently in operation (including the company’s own Falcon Heavy). OpenAI has said it plans to invest perhaps $1.4trn in computing power over the coming years. If the younger and smaller Anthropic wants to keep up, it too must splurge on data centres.
三家公司尋求上市的明顯動因在於獲取源源不斷的資本。SpaceX 正在研發"星艦"——這種可重複使用的飛行器能將高達 150 噸的貨物送入軌道,其運載能力約為當前任何在役火箭(包括該公司自家的獵鷹重型火箭)的兩倍。OpenAI 表示未來幾年計畫投入約 1.4 兆美元用於計算能力建設。若規模較小的新興企業 Anthropic 想保持競爭力,同樣必須在資料中心建設上豪擲千金。
Even as the trio’s capital needs grow, the private market may stop expanding. After swelling at a compound rate of 10% a year between 2012 and 2021, global private assets under management have since plateaued at just over $20trn. Limited partners are demanding that venture-capital and private-equity funds disburse some proceeds before asking for fresh cash.
儘管這三家公司的資本需求不斷增長,私募市場可能停止擴張。全球私募資產管理規模在 2012 至 2021 年間以年均 10% 的複合增長率膨脹後,此後已停滯於略超 20 兆美元的水平。有限合夥人正要求風險投資和私募股權基金在尋求新資金前,先分配部分收益。
Moreover, as the unlisted giants’ successive funding rounds balloon in size—OpenAI’s latest came in at $40bn, larger than any IPO ever—so do the typical contributions from what is by public-market standards a puny number of participants. At some point that may become an unacceptable concentration of risk for all but the most fearless, or reckless, adventure capitalists out there. The public equity market, with a global market capitalisation of some $130trn, is far larger and its investor base far less concentrated.
此外,隨著未上市巨頭們融資規模的持續膨脹——OpenAI 最新一輪融資高達 400 億美元,超過任何歷史上的 IPO 規模——來自公開市場標準下數量有限的參與者的典型出資額也在同步增長。這種風險集中度終將令除最無畏或最魯莽的冒險資本家之外的所有人難以承受。相比之下,全球市值約 130 兆美元的公開股權市場規模龐大得多,投資者基礎也分散得多。
In its aggregated wisdom, however, it is also far more discerning. This discernment is what SpaceX, OpenAI and Anthropic would be trading off for cash. In none of their cases is the trade-off comfortable.
然而,在集體智慧層面,它卻具備更敏銳的洞察力。這種洞察力正是 SpaceX、OpenAI 和 Anthropic 為換取資金而進行的權衡。對這些公司而言,這種權衡都令人不安。
For SpaceX the main headache would relate to corporate governance—or rather, if you treat Tesla as a listed proxy for Mr Musk’s assorted ventures, a troubling lack of it. At Tesla he has had run-ins with regulators (who fined him and Tesla $20m apiece in 2018 for his remark on Twitter that he had “funding secured” to take the carmaker private) and judges (last year one in Delaware voided his pay deal after concluding that Tesla’s board was “beholden” to him). His growing fortune, which soared from $470bn to $638bn on December 15th after SpaceX was valued at $800bn in a secondary share sale, seems likely if anything to make him feel more emboldened.
對 SpaceX 而言,主要難題在於公司治理——或者說,若將特斯拉視為馬斯克各類創業項目的上市代理,其治理缺失問題尤為棘手。在特斯拉,他曾與監管機構發生衝突(2018 年因他在推特上宣稱"融資已到位"將公司私有化,監管機構對其本人及特斯拉各處以 2000 萬美元罰款),也與法官交鋒(去年特拉華州一名法官認定特斯拉董事會"受制於他",裁定其薪酬協議無效)。隨著 SpaceX 在二次股票發售中估值達 8000 億美元,馬斯克的財富在 12 月 15 日從 4700 億美元飆升至 6380 億美元,這筆不斷增長的財富似乎只會讓他更加肆無忌憚。
At least SpaceX makes money. It is thought to be generating cash and turned a profit for the first time in 2023. For their part, OpenAI and Anthropic are burning enough to make a Starship launch pale by comparison. OpenAI is likely to make a net loss of around $12bn this year on revenue of a comparable size. It reportedly expects to torch another $115bn in cash before becoming profitable in 2030. Anthropic thinks it may break even a couple of years earlier, but will still bleed billions beforehand.
至少 SpaceX 還在賺錢。據稱該公司正在創造現金流,並於 2023 年首次實現盈利。相比之下,OpenAI 和 Anthropic 的燒錢速度足以讓星艦發射相形見絀。OpenAI 今年在收入規模相當的情況下,預計將淨虧損約 120 億美元。據報導,該公司預計在 2030 年實現盈利前還將燒掉 1150 億美元現金。Anthropic 認為自己可能提前幾年實現收支平衡,但在那之前仍將持續虧損數十億美元。
It will be a while before OpenAI, Anthropic and even SpaceX generate net profits comparable to those of Alibaba, which was $4bn in the black in the 12 months before its IPO, let alone Saudi Aramco, which booked $111bn, more black than which none has ever been. The last time large profitless tech darlings went public, in the IPO wave of 2019, Uber needed four years and positive cashflow for its shares to rise reliably above their IPO price. You would be better off today having invested in the S&P 500 index.
命運的無情折磨
OpenAI、Anthropic 甚至 SpaceX 要達到阿里巴巴的淨利潤水平尚需時日——阿里巴巴在 IPO 前 12 個月盈利 40 億美元,更不用說沙烏地阿拉伯阿美了,其 1110 億美元的利潤堪稱史無前例。上一次大型虧損科技寵兒在 2019 年 IPO 浪潮中上市時,優步耗費四年時間實現正現金流,其股價才得以穩定突破發行價。若在當時投資標普 500 指數,如今收益反而更為可觀。
The tech trio may think they have no choice but to list before big profits arrive. SpaceX will look less exceptional once rival space firms like Blue Origin narrow the technological gap. OpenAI and Anthropic face fierce competition already. They could remain private and risk running out of the capital needed to stay ahead. Or they go public and risk markets’ impatience over profits. Either way, their lofty valuations will soon be put to the test.
這家科技三巨頭或許認為,在巨額利潤到來之前,他們別無選擇只能上市。一旦藍色起源等競爭對手縮小技術差距,SpaceX 的卓越性將大打折扣。OpenAI 和 Anthropic 已面臨激烈競爭。它們若選擇私有化,可能面臨資金枯竭而喪失領先優勢的風險;若選擇上市,則要承受市場對盈利的迫切期待。無論那種選擇,它們的高估值都將很快面臨考驗。 (invest wallstreet)